A Report On Finance Co - 863 Words

1. Attachment a. Finance Co. has a security interest in the bikes A security interest attaches when (1) there is an agreement, (2) Debtor grants a security interest in movable property,(2) debtor had the rights in the property, (3) value is given and (4) there is an authenticated security agreement that describes the collateral . (1) Here, financing had agreed to grant working capitol to Mikes Bikes. (2) Mike’s Bikes as owner of the bikes has rights in the property. (3) Finance gave value when they granted Mikes Bikes $250,000 in working capitol. (4) The agreement Finance sent to Mike’s Bikes qualifies as a security agreement. This because it grants a security interest in the bikes. It adequately describes the bikes as inventory. Even though the fact pattern refers to it as personal property it is not because the property is held in the trade of business. The bikes are inventory because they are held by the debtor for sale to consumers. The security agreement is authenticated by the electronic signature of the debtor in the reply email. This is because multiple documents that are attached to each other can qualify as a security agreement. Finance’s security interest would still attach to the bikes acquired after March 1, 2015 even though there security agreement did not contain the terms or henceforth acquired. This is because it is assumed that a secured party would understand that inventory would be sold and replenished and would therefore, take a securityShow MoreRelatedRisks to Information Confidentiality933 Words   |  4 PagesReasons To minimize these risks, the executive team and CIO in Finance Co. have to think about increasing the frequency of visiting their suppliers. Additionally, for those parties managing highly confidential information such as end-user computing and wealth platform, CIO should often conduct visits in terms of their information protection controls and security. 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The company s total investment exceeded 10 billion Yuan $1.6 billion (Zhang, 2012). †¢ Pepsi Co is regarded by many critics to be the ‘most proactive and progressive of the food companies’ (Warner, 2010). †¢ Pepsi Co spends a generous amountRead MoreCost Savings Of A Company1299 Words   |  6 Pages Cost Savings of a company PROJECT REPORT Masters of Business Administration Stevens henager Professor- Dr. Hobbs Student Name - Divya.Nunna Student ID -1408125257 ABSTRACTRead MoreFinance Internship Journal: China Securities Co. Ltd1221 Words   |  5 PagesFinance Internship Journal Host Company: China Securities Co., Ltd. Introduction China Securities Co., Ltd. makes offering of services including financial advisory and securities brokerage services. It provides security underwriting, initial public offering, and financial consulting services. The firm was founded in 2005 and is based in Beijing, China. 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Online Trends Romanticism Of Mental Illnesses - 2013 Words

Lucy Rock English 100 - R. Tasaka 10/28/2014 Online Trends: Romanticism of Mental Illnesses From a young age I had been aware that certain people weren’t happy with who they were. I had a specific person in my life that sometimes hurt herself in order to feel better. Even though the problem was recognized, depression or self harm wasn’t something people in my life openly talked about. So I grew into my early teen years believing that any sign of mental illnesses was something that should be hidden. I saw it as a secret that couldn’t be discussed with anyone and definitely not revealed. I spent a majority of my adolescence on my computer, joining new sites and meeting different people. For the most part, it was a very positive influence. I’ve been exposed to certain things that have largely affected the goals I have for the future. It’s connected me to all parts of the world and allowed me to gather hobbies that I never would have had found if it weren’t for the sites I spent my time on. So many positive aspects emerged from my many hours online but like most things, it had it’s drawbacks. I was quickly exposed to blogs that promoted self-harm, suicide, depression, and self-loathing. What later came as a shock to me, was how other people on the site viewed them. Most of the websites I went on had begun to grow in size and people were starting to share their personal lives or stories, which sometimes included a struggle with mental illness. Some people were part of support

Sustainable Environment Free Essays

Environmental sustainability involves making decisions and taking action that are in the interests of protecting the natural world, with particular emphasis on preserving the capability of the environment to support human life. It is an important topic at the present time, as people are realising the full impact that businesses and individuals can have on the environment. What is Environmental Sustainability? Environmental sustainability is about making responsible decisions that will reduce your business’ negative impact on the environment. We will write a custom essay sample on Sustainable Environment or any similar topic only for you Order Now It is not simply about reducing the amount of waste you produce or using less energy, but is concerned with developing processes that will lead to businesses becoming completely sustainable in the future. Currently, environmental sustainability is a topical issue that receives plenty of attention from the media and from different governmental departments. This is a result of the amount of research going into assessing the impact that human activity can have on the environment. Although the long term implications of this erious issue are not yet fully understood, it is generally agreed that the risk is high enough to merit an immediate response. Businesses are expected to lead in the area of environmental sustainability as they are considered to be the biggest contributors and are also in a position where they can make a significant difference. Businesses can potentially cause damage to all areas of the environment. Some of the common environmental concerns include: damaging rainforests and woodlands through logging and agricultural clearing polluting and over-fishing of oceans, rivers and akes polluting the atmosphere through the burning of fossil fuels damaging prime agricultural and cultivated land through the use of unsustainable farming practices For much of the past, most businesses have acted with little regard or concern for the negative impact they have on the environment. Many large and small organisations are guilty of significantly polluting the environment and engaging in practices that are simply not sustainable. However, there are now an increasing number of businesses that are committed to reducing their damaging impact and even working owards having a positive influence on environmental sustainability. Environmental sustainability forces businesses to look beyond making short term gains and look at the long term impact they are having on the natural world. You need to consider not only the immediate impact your actions have on the environment, but the long term implications as well. For example, when manufacturing a product, you need to look at the environmental impact of the products entire lifecycle, from development to disposal before finalising your designs. How to cite Sustainable Environment, Papers

Ap Global Midterm Review free essay sample

Only two completely new countries in Europe were formed after WWW Yugoslavia and Czechoslovakia. Poland, which had been wiped off the map in 1795, was revived. The Baltic republics Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania asserted their independence. Romania doubled in size. After To a great extent, no new countries were formed after World War II. Most of these changes occurred in the East.Lithuania, Latvia, and Estonia, only just winning independence after WWW were erased as independent states and came part of the Soviet Union. Pollards borders were moved eastward to include only the corridor from before the war but also parts of East Prussia, Pomeranian, and Sillies, though they also lost the eastern parts of their country to the Soviet Union. Austria and Czechoslovakia, states created by the end of WWW but annexed to Nazi Germany in the asses reappeared, though Czechoslovakia was firmly under Soviet domination and the Austrian were forced to remain neutral during the growing Cold War. We will write a custom essay sample on Ap Global Midterm Review or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page In Europe the only country divided was Germany. * Conservatism in western politics Conservatives, such as Australias prince Clemens von Meteoritic, were bent on maintaining the sanctity of traditional political institutions, particularly the monarchy. It was also their goal to maintain a balance of power in Europe in order to ensure a permanent peace. * Welfare state Welfare State and Consumer Society A. The motives for the welfare state protection against depression and political extremism argument for social justice B.Features of the welfare state support from cradle to grave 2. Educational and cultural opportunities C. The growth of consumer society a new standard of living . Materialism and hedonism the 3. The end of public life? * Nuclear umbrella Nuclear umbrella refers to a guarantee by a nuclear weapons state to defend a non-nuclear allied state. * Germany after World War II At the end of the war, Germany was basically divided into 4 sections, each one under the control of one of the Allied powers; The United States, England, France, and Russia.Berlin was divided as well. After a period of rebuilding and reorganization, the sections under the control of the United States, England, and France were returned to the control of the German government. Russia attained control over its section and brought it under the fold of the newly formed USSR. This resulted in the Berlin Wall, and the separate countries of East Germany and West Germany. Following the fall of communism and the breakup of the USSR in the 1 asss, Germany reunified. Marshall plan * Proposed to rebuild the continent in the interest of political stability and a healthy world economy * viewed as a vehicle for American economic dominance * Iron Curtain * a term coined by Winston Churchill to describe the boundary that separated the Warsaw Pact countries from the NATO c ountries from about 945 until the end of the Cold War in 1991 * was both a physical and an ideological division that represented the way Europe was viewed after World War II * Soviet control over Eastern Europe Between 1 945 and 1949 Stalin created a Russian empire in Eastern Europe. This empire included Poland, Hungary, Rumania, Bulgaria, Czechoslovakia and East Germany. Each had a Communist government. In the West they were called satellites because they clung closely to the Soviet Union like satellites round a planet. Stalin was able to create this empire for a number of reasons. The first was the military might of the Soviet Union in Europe after 945. Another reason for the spread of Communism after the war was the gratitude of many Eastern Europeans for their liberation from Nazism.This, and the often-appalling conditions at the end of the war, played into the hands of east European communist parties, which were, of course, backed by Stalin and the Soviet union. * Decentralization after World War II After WINNIE Europe tried to reassert its colonial dominance over Africa and the Far East. At the same time national movements grew strong in those colonies. Europe soon realized that they would be unable to physically control the loonies without massive military occupation forces.This was impossible both in economic and political terms. As a result the colonial powers began a staged withdrawal of physical control but maintained economic ties. While these new countries were independent their formal colonial masters still had much control over the country. * Impact of World War II on international trade The conclusion of World War II spurred efforts to correct the problems stemming from protectionism, which had increased since 1 871 , and trade restrictions, which had been imposed between World Wars I and II. The exulting multilateral trade agreements and other forms of international economic cooperation led to the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GAIT) and laid the foundation for the World Trade Organization ONTO). * Impact of World War II on civilian population -One of the most distressing impacts that war has on civilians is the frequent removal of their basic human rights -Huge civilian casualties on front line and bombing attacks -gave people the physiological hope to become as powerful as Hitler did * Consequences of industrialization in the asses Mass migration of people from the land to the cities.

GLACIAL LANDSCAPES Essays - Glaciology, Physical Geography

GLACIAL LANDSCAPES Author's Name Institutional Affiliation Glaciers are known to create large glacial landscapes in the icy areas and have been existent since time memorial. However, with the rising rate of pollution and other human activities, the landscapes have begun to melt away gradually leaving bare land or water bodies. These glacial melting activities have adverse effects on both animals and plant life forms more so that existence in the vicinity of these glacial landscapes. As they melt they destroy a lot of plants putting them underwater and the animals within there being forced to flee to save their lives. In some parts of Iceland the animals have recently faced this calamity and even they have lost some of their fishing grounds, other animals have even starved to death for the water has engulfed their food. As the glaciers melt away, it increases the global warming effect because these glaciers defect 80% of the sun's heat back into space hence reducing the amount of the sun falling on the earth this potential melting will, therefore, increase the global warming. Also, the sea level rises generally around the world. Currently, the world sea level is expected to rise by 60-70cm by the year 2100. The Alpine regions and Arctic and Antarctic have brought about a lot of flooding in coastal regions and even some islands that are bordering the area may be submerged due to the high amounts of water levels, caused by glaciers melting. In the long run, the glacial landscapes melting will cause all other organisms living adjacent to it to either flee or perish due to the water bodies creation, also some glaciers are melting bringing about water acidification which can cause great animal and plant deaths because the water encompasses the other water bodies causing contamination (Luneva, Harle Aksenov 2017, April).. References Luneva, M., Holt, J., Harle, J., Aksenov, Y. (2017, April). Multi-decadal effects of tides and Greenland glacial melting runoff on the ice, mixing and cross-shelf exchange in the Arctic Ocean. In EGU General Assembly Conference Abstracts (Vol. 19, p. 17061).

Bassanio`s request of Antonio Essays

Bassanio`s request of Antonio Essays Bassanio`s request of Antonio Paper Bassanio`s request of Antonio Paper We can interpret much about Portia from what Bassanio says. He brings in mention of Roman history when he says, her name is Portia, nothing undervalued To Catos daughter, Brutus Portia. This is very revealing as to the character of Portia. The reason I say this is because the Portia who Bassanio is describing at this point was a lady who was well known for her wisdom, learning, courage and her love for her husband. These are characteristics that we read about later on in the play about Portia which are true to Bassanios description. Another interesting link to the past is the link that Bassanio makes to Greek mythology when he mentions the fact that many Jasons come in quest of her. This shows the linkage to the quest for the Golden Fleece by Jason to give to Zeus. I interpreted this image as Bassanio describing Portia as the golden fleece, an object of unimaginable value and something (someone) who has gained the admiration of men far and wide who have come to try and claim her. The character of Bassanio is revealed in many ways throughout this extract. We first read of him when he is describing to us the story of his school-days, the childhood proof of his story and how he like a wilful youth owes Antonio a great deal of money. This shows us the childlike character of Bassanio as much of what he says in linked to childhood and past experiences in his childhood. This depicted to me how he has not really grown up and how he still has the mindset that he had as a child. Another link to this childlike character of his is the fact that he doesnt directly tell Antonio his request, but like a child goes off on a tangent before getting to the point. He does this by telling Antonio the story of the arrows when he was a child and how when I had lost one shaft, I shot his fellow of the self-same flight with more advised watch and I oft found both. This, to me, showed how Bassanio doesnt want to go directly to the main point and request but like a child, creates an elaborate story in order to cover up the seriousness of what he wants and the situation. This could also be seen as Bassanio trying to diverge from his true purpose of asking the question because of the fact that he may be uncertain or even embarrassed of asking Antonio of such a thing. He could be trying to break the news to Antonio more gently in order to try and protect his friendship with him, as he may be uncertain of Antonios response. Another characteristic of Bassanio that I read about was the fact that he is a man who takes chances and risks with OTHER peoples assets, in this case Antonios money. I say this because he is under the impression that had I but the means to stand among the ranks of all the other men who were after Portias hand in marriage, he would questionless be fortunate. For a man who has nothing, he is extremely confident that if he had the money of others, he could do better than anyone else. This showed me how he is dependant on Antonio for more than just his friendship, but also his financial assistance and also his support. It also can be seen as his way of subtly asking Antonio for the financial assistance without actually referring to the borrowing of money. I also read about how Bassanio is a person who takes risks and is willing to make the same mistake twice in order to accomplish something. I say this because he tells us of the story of the arrow and how he would fire a second one in the same manner in order to determine where the first one went. This can be looked at as both a flaw and a virtue in his character. I say this because, it could mean that he has learnt what he did wrong and knows how to fix it, or it could mean that he is just taking his chances and gambling on success to come his way. We also read and interpret his love of money. Not only does he use Antonio for his money but he is using Antonios money in order to get at Portia who is the main monetary prize. Antonio is a stepping-stone towards the main ocean of wealth. This is portrayed when the first thing that he mentions is that Portia is a lady richly left this showed how his main attraction to Portia was her wealth and not her character and personality like it should be. I feel Shakespeare then wanted to cause some form of confusion within us as the reader with the immediate next phrase that Bassanio says OF wondrous virtue personally, I felt that this would create a clash and confusion of opinions created of Bassanio. At first we may think that he likes Portia for nothing more than her money however we then read about how he makes reference to her virtues and good qualities. As reading it the first time it causes us to be uncertain of whether or not he has true feelings towards Portia or not.

E-Marketing Case Study Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

E-Marketing Case Study - Essay Example 1). It is only when an organization considers a group as a key stakeholder that they can invest on a campaign targeting them. The other groups that seen as key stakeholders of HP are CIOs and IT executives who were targeted in the 2004 campaign, ‘change+ hp’. Celebrities and media houses are the other group identified as key stakeholders for HP as they were used to advance ‘The Personal Again Campaign’ while MTV collaborated with HP to develop the reality show ‘Meet or Delete’. According to Chakraborty and Govind (2008, p.5) HP decided to target some of its stakeholders in The Computer is Personal Campaign. These stakeholders include celebrities where as observed by Chakraborty and Govind (2008, p.5) the commercials featured Jay-Z and Shaun White. HP also targeted to harness the capability of media houses to reach out to its customers. Furthermore, the Campaign targeted different consumers but within the age bracket of 15 to 34 and middle sized businesses. b) Charlesworth (2009, p.49) explains internet marketing otherwise known as e-marketing is the process of promoting services and products over the internet. HP opted to use internet marketing given the obvious reasons that this marketing can reach to greater number of customers and is personalized. The issues that organisations need to consider when using e-marketing methods on an international basis include the concern that customers may not have an interaction with the product before they purchase it. The other issue is that of ensuring the security of the information of the customers when they are making on-line purchase. Moreover, Charlesworth (2009, p.49) argues that different nations have different considerations of what can be used in marketing campaigns which defined by their culture and morals. Another issue is explaining how the client can have the computer delivered to them after purchase. HP has to take into consideration the different cultures and morals of its target group when using e-marketing. This is given some of the celebrities in the Europe have no problem posing for a photo when nude but this is unacceptable in some societies and thus use of such photos should be discouraged. The company must also address the issue of customers not getting to interact with the product before they make the purchase. To deal with this, HP should offer support centres for its customers in different locations. The advertisement used must explain to the customers how the company will ensure the security of their information during transactions and how the computer can be shipped to the client after purchasing them. c) Viral marketing as described by Kaplan and Haenlein (2011, p. 253) refers to the technique of marketing that makes use of the already existing social networks to promote a brand by use of self-reproducing viral processes. Viral marketing may make use of video clips, advergames, eBooks, images, brandable software or text messages. Kapl an and Haenlein (2011, p. 253) lists three criteria critical in viral marketing including a messenger, message and environment. A messenger requires to have three components which includes market mavens, social hubs and salespeople as outlined by Kaplan and Haenlein (2011, p. 253). HP makes use of celebrities as the market mavens for effective viral marketing. HP also used fingerskilz.tv website created for fans to access information on the 2006 Fifa World Cup as their

Critical Response Paper- The Temple of Zeus at Olympia, Heroes and Essay

Critical Response Paper- The Temple of Zeus at Olympia, Heroes and Athletes - Essay Example article in question, the following analysis will attempt to be concentric upon a discussion of the author’s thesis, the overall level of data that is represented, a consideration of the strengths and weaknesses of the approach, and an analysis of other tangentially related aspects of the research and literature that are represented (Baringer 213). Through such a level of discussion and critique, it is the hope of this particular author that the reader will gain a more informed understanding with respect to the information that is presented and the manner through which inference is drawn. Finally, rather than representing a pro-con/strengths and weaknesses analysis of the particular piece, this discussion will be concentric upon those elements that helped to promote the thesis, those that take away from it, and opportunities for improvement that the author could leverage as a means of better presenting the topic to the reading audience. Firstly, it must be noted that a particular strength of the analysis has to do with the fact that the author does not immediately jumped directly into the debate. Whereas many pieces exhibit a fundamental weakness of immediately discussing the disagreements regarding the way in which a particular facet of information is understood, the particular analysis instead begins by attempting to paint a vivid and meaningful historical portrait of how the Temple of Zeus was used, the underlying meanings, and the attitudes and cultural relevance that were necessarily pertained within its structure, form, and purpose. Furthermore, as the historical discussion progresses, the eventual research question comes clearly interview. As such, this research question is contingent upon what meaning these symbols had from the context in which they were represented. By placing the reader within the figurative footsteps of the ancient Greeks that used the Temple and understood its underlying meaning, the au thor is able to build the suspense for something

Definition of Acrson Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Definition of Acrson - Essay Example As per the statistics revealed by the public agencies, more than one hundred thousand incidents of the arsons were registered to the law enforcement agencies in different parts of United States. The religious hated have also attributed to the rise of the arson related cases, and there have been cases where the culprits have damaged the religious property for the sake of prevalence of the truth. The damage to the religious places and the justification of such heinous actions through misinterpretation of the religious teachings has been responsible for the clash between communities with different racial, religious and cultural customs. The arson is not responsible for the fatality of the life; rather it caused economic loss, which has to been accounted by the administration in efficient and effective manner. The arson is no longer a hidden crime; rather it is regarded as the 'murder by fire, a violent crime against property and people' (Nancy, 1997). According to reports, more than sev en hundred people are killed on annual basis due to the arson crime; the crime is responsible for causing damage to more than hundred thousand buildings, and cost loss of more than a billion dollar annually (Larry, 2006).According to Mr. Carrey Brown, U.S. Fire Administrator, 'there are, however, effective ways citizens, along with law enforcement and the fire service, can ensure the culprits are brought to justice' (Barry, 2004), thus the solution to the crimes associated with the arson can be rectified through proactive role and crucial efforts of the law enforcement agencies. The different forms taken by the Arson include, 'juvenile fire setting, vandalism, pyromania, a murder weapon, and concealment of a crime' (Barry, 2004), and the elimination of the problem is achievable through identification of the right faces of the arson. According to United States based national arson expert and chief of arson, Detroit Fire Department, Mr. Charles Evancho, 'Arson is one of the most diffi cult crimes to prosecute successfully. Often the criminal justice system does not view arson as a serious crime. The challenge is to develop sentencing for adults and juveniles' (Barry, 2004). The government agencies have launched several financial schemes which focus upon the financial provisions for the elimination of the arson. The United States government based agency provided '$2 million to 12 states to develop anti-arson programs' (Barry, 2004). The institutions have been established for the rehabilitation of the youth, with no parents and guardians. Recently 'USFA granted financial support a juvenile fire setter prevention program in partnership with a treatment center for abused children, the plan was implemented in Colorado. The intellectuals are of the opinion that public and private funding and participation is required to continue with such schemes, and it is important to realize that arson has to be controlled and handled 'several fronts and people must protect themselv es by strengthening prevention and apprehension efforts' (Barry, 2004). Arson is regarded as the 'second leading cause of residential fire deaths and accounts for approximately quarter of the fires incidents reported in the United States' (Barry, 2004), the crime shares one fifth of the damaged property in United States. According to reports, the crime claimed more than seven hundred lives on annual basis, and more than half a million fire incidents related to arson are reported. Only fifteen percent of the cases were able to reach conclusive stage where the arrests are made. It has It has been a common observation that the rate of arson is low in rural areas, whereas the in urban areas, the arson related incidents have reached alarming figure.

Hyatt Regency Dubai Profile Of Service Tourism Essay

Hyatt Regency Dubai Profile Of Service Tourism Essay Hyatt was founded on September 27th, 1957 by Jack D Crouch and Hyatt R. von Dehn who purchased a motel called Hyatt House located next to the international airport on Los Angeles. After a few years, it was sold to Jay Pritzker who along with his brother Donald, worked with family members who were interested and grew Hyatt into a hotel company ownership with Northern American management. They went public in 1962. The development of Hyatt International occurred in 1968 and eventually became a public company separately. Hyatt International Corporation along with Hyatt Corporation was privately held in 1979 and 1982 respectively by Pritzker family business interests. Every hospitality asset they owned along with the Hyatt Corporation and International became combined under one unit, Hyatt Hotels Corporation. Their mission statement is: Our mission is to provide authentic hospitality by making a difference in the lives of the people we touch every day Hyatts first venture overseas occurred in 1969 with the opening of the Hyatt Regency Hong Kong. Park Hyatt and Grand Hyatt were introduced in 1980. Hyatt has more than 340 hotels around the globe as of today. Hyatt Hotels Corporation proudly celebrates more than fifty years of history with a deep rooted status as an industry innovator which encourages the company to a bright future in enhancing creative hospitality. 4.0 HYATT REGENCY DUBAI. 4.1 OVERVIEW Hyatt Regency Dubai is a luxurious, modern hotel situated in the Deira district of Dubai adjacent to the Deira Corniche, a notorious boulevard in Dubai. Situated at a convenient distance from the textile souk, spices souk and gold souk, it is also just 7km away from the first mega mall in Dubai, Deira City Centre. The hotel comprises of 14 luxury rooms and suites that face the breathtaking Arabian Gulf. In terms of leisure, the 5 star hotel provides a spa, Club Olympus and has a golf course on its premises. They have an ice skating rink, tennis court, outdoor swimming pool and a fitness centre. Dubai is a major tourist hub attracting people with its dhow cruises, sandy beaches, dune bashing, camel racing, recreational parks and much more. 4.2 MARKET ANALYSIS. Hyatt Corporation has dramatically changed the view and impact of the hotel hospitality industry. Hyatt has specialized in providing luxury hotels, catering the needs of high-end business travelers by providing facilities for meetings and other related amenities to enhance their lodging experience. Having various brands such as Hyatt Regency, Grand Hyatt, Park Hyatt and Andaz catered mainly for high-end business customers. Hyatt Regency hotels are a core brand of the Hyatt Corporation, located at the metropolitan areas, targeting exclusive business travelers. Hyatt Regency, Dubai is a typical business transit hotel positioned to serve the upscale business traveler market segment by providing high quality services, accommodation and facilities served for business and conventional purposes (Executive Manager of Hospitality Hyatt Regency). The main strength of Hyatt Regency being the Loyalty amongst guests, they believe in the happy customer, more sales approach. Thus they have emphasiz ed their quality of services and distinguished themselves amongst other competing hospitality businesses in that manner. Hyatt Regency is one of the oldest and well known hotels in Dubai; also it is one of the only hotels in Dubai that has an indoor ice-rink and a shopping mall located within the Hotel to ease and enhance the stay of the guests, also located in a metropolitan area in Deira it is near the Dubai Gold Souk and a lot of cultural and local sites to make ideal stay for a tourist visiting Dubai. 4.3 COMPETITION. Hyatt is challenged with direct competition from hotels like Hilton and Marriott internationally and other hotels in Dubai that serve business customers. Hyatt Regency aims at providing a high-standard lodging experience that would encourage the frequency of their guests. Hyatt Worldwide has a Gold Passport frequency loyalty program that they believe is a strategy to increase their appeal and thereby their frequency of guests, therefore being loyal to the Corporation internationally and also helps in capturing other segments. Hyatt Corporation has a double dipping program with airline associates such as Emirates Airlines and these Skywards passengers are given special offers and discounts as mentioned by the Executive Manager of Hospitality at Hyatt Regency, Dubai. Besides the competition from major business hotels Hyatt also faces competition from leisure related hotels, also the location of Hyatt Regency is considered unsound being located in the old-Dubai business central and since Dubais business Central has been shifted to other locations e.g. Jebel Ali, etc. other hotels in these areas can stand as competition to Hyatt Regency. Another issue with Hyatt being their promotional strategies, they believe in advertising abroad in Europe, and other continents, but fail to advertise and promote the hotel in Dubai and the Middle East. But overall Hyatt Regency has been profitable over the years with its well known base of loyal customers and by exceeding the quality services and standards of Hyatt Corporation. HYATT REGENCY DUBAI PROFILE OF SERVICE 5.1 ROLE Guest The guest will arrive at the service factory. Once he enters the service factory, he will approach the front stage service provider and check in. He will be provided with all the facilities needed by him which are available. He then pays his bills and checks out. Service Provider (Hyatt Regency). The staffs are always ready at the desk. As guests arrive, they will greet them answer their questions and check them in. Often they will suggest or assist the guests with their decisions. The guests are provided with all the services without a say of No and all the services provided are recorded. 5.2 SCRIPT: Guest: Arrive at the Hotel Enter the Hotel Doorman: Greet and direct the Guest Front desk staff: Greet guest Guest: Enquire and book room Front desk staff: Answer question and check in guest Elevator/ Hallway Staff: Greet Guest: Goes to room enjoys supplementary services and core service/ service consumption Pay and check out Front desk staff: Greet and checkout guest Guest: Exit service factory 5.3 FLOW CHART. 5.3.1 FRONT STAGE ACTIVITIES: Greeting Guests Providing Information Service Consumption Payment Registering Guest 5.3.2 BACKSTAGE ACTIVITES: Preparing Food Doing the Ironing Scheduling/ Training Staff Cleaning/ Interior Designing Doing Inventory Check-In Entry Spend Time in Room Room Service Activities Payment Check-Out Room Prepared Prepare Request BLUEPRINT. FLOWER OF SERVICES Hyatt Regencys flower of services consists of the core and supplementary services provided by the hotel. The core service is the central component of the flower which supplies the principal. The core service of Hyatt Regency is to provide a bedroom for a hotel client and a hall for an event client. The petals surrounded by the center are the supplementary services which come as a package and also as optional services which are discussed below in detail. KEY: Facilitating Elements Enhancing Elements 7.1 FACILITATING ELEMENTS. 7.1.1 INFORMATION. Information about the services provided by the company are available locally i.e. in the UAE and internationally through many modes of mediums. The hotel website is the most informative medium of the hotel which provides every piece of information about the hotel from the prices, services, location, activities, hotel background, schedules, and offers to the other hotels in the chain etc. Information is also provided through leaflets in airports, travel agents, newsletters, magazines and newspapers in brief but detailed information can be obtained by calling the hotel anytime and enquiring the front desk with your query. 7.1.2 PAYMENT. Direct and indirect payments can be done through credit card transaction or cash payment. During direct payment credit card transactions are allowed in high and low contact services i.e. in the front desk itself or through online while booking for hotel, car or flight. Cash payments can only be made through high contact service i.e. in the front desk of any service centre of the hotel. During indirect payment the payments can be made either way to the intermediary such as the travel agent, airlines company, tour guide etc which will be passed on to the hotel eventually. 7.1.3 BILLING. Billings for normal guests are done under their name and contact details basis and every service the guest acquires, the time, quantity and the price are printed clearly on a transcript for the customer to check while they check out. Bills signed for each service such as food and beverage or the bars are also maintained to provide a proof for the guest if they lack the knowledge of acquiring a particular service. Billing of members are done under their membership numbers here the same procedure takes place as mentioned above but the members can earn incentive points for the amount of the service and records will be available for them online in their account. 7.1.4 ORDER TAKING. Reservation of rooms fall under this category and in this process the guests are firstly shown the options they can choose from and relevant forms should be filled with provision of secure commitment to delivery. When the decision is made by the guest it is recorded in the registration system under the guests unique field. The order taking of room services are done backstage and in a low contact manner for all services through telephone the order is recorded again on the registration system and delivered within the time frame given and the options are available for the guests in the room leaflets. For other activities such as restaurants, bars, lounges, golf etc the order taking is done front stage and the same procedures as above mentioned are carried on. 7.2 ENHANCING ELEMENTS. 7.2.1 HOSPITALITY. As a service that is hospitality related, utmost importance is placed on the level of interaction by the service employees (concierge) with the customers. Customers are greeted upon arrival. Staffs at Hyatt Regency are also given training in different languages so that customers do not have trouble with communication. Presence of cleanliness was evident in the lobby and lounge areas with on hands cleaning staff. Hyatt Regency provides rooms that are specially designed for the physically challenged. Since business guests tend to be pushed for time and hate lengthy check outs, Hyatt Regency offers onsite Express check-out services. Good hospitality becomes a key factor for customer loyalty. Bellboys and porter services are available to assist guests with their baggage. The hotel also provides free shuttle bus services to various locations around Dubai, like Deira City Centre and Dubai Mall. 7.2.2 CONSULTATION. Counseling that is usually given to a customer to help understand their situations and decide on solutions. During our interview, the Executive Manager of Hospitality mentioned that customers, who are undecided about choosing between featured activities such as the spa or sightseeing, are helped by concierge that are able to provide customized solutions. Since Hyatt Regency is mainly business guests oriented, consultation is also given on packages aimed at stay of corporate groups. 7.2.3 SAFEKEEPING. A factor of safety provided to the customers at the service site. Hyatt Regency has a host of safekeeping services from valet parking, baggage handling by the bell boys, private parking facilities for guests and baby-sitting service on prior arrangement. There was presence of security at the regular level just outside the hotel entrance. During our visit inside the hotel, we observed that there were many Hyatt Regency trained security purpose personnel who stationed themselves at positions to prevent people from entering off-limit areas (i.e. VIP only rooms). The hotel also had 24 hour video security system. 7.2.4 EXCEPTIONS. This supplementary service comes by a way of training to act in situations where policy doesnt play a role. During the interview with the Executive Manager, he mentioned that service personnel were given training in scenarios to deal with special situations. He also mentioned that, if a customer is unhappy with a particular service, the hotel provides extra stay at no extra charge. On special request, the hotel also caters to a customers taste palette if a certain food item they order is not present on the hotel food menu. Hyatt Regencys special request also entails the service of a 24 hour house doctor on call. One way in which Hyatt Regency handles customer complaints/suggestions/compliments is through a site called Trip Advisor that gives reviews and ratings. 8.0 SWOT ANALYSIS. Strengths: Brand image Hyatt has a well recognized brand image and is widely known internationally for having premium offerings and high quality services. Well distinguished services and amenities e.g. the only hotel with an indoor ice-rink and Revolving Restaurant (Al Dawaar) in Dubai. (Hyatt,2010) Rated 5 stars and a part of a well-respected international hospitality chain.(visitdubai, 2010) Hyatt Gold Passport frequency loyalty program encourages more guests. (Hyatt, 2010) Weaknesses: Located in an unsound environment away from the new business and leisure central. (i.e. Jebel Ali, Sheikh Zayed Rd.) Concentrated targeting on business customers can leave over-looking other growing market segments. Failure to market and promote the hotel within the Middle East. Opportunities: Special offers for commercial customers and using different methods to target niche markets. Using methods to promote the hotel within the U.A.E, to increase awareness. Increasing leisure activities during the low-peak seasons i.e. April to August, and targeting family oriented customers. New development in that site such as the Palm Deira which is currently on hold, once completed would increase the attractiveness of that area which will in turn result in more customers. Threats: Political factors can affect the business, such as labor laws, health and safety rules and regulations can change the business practices. Economic fluctuations such as recession or inflation can affect the profitability mainly because its targeted at high-end exclusive business travelers. The negative perceptions about the region can influence potential customers. HYATT REGENCY DUBAIS MARKETING MIX STRATEGIES. 9.1 PRODUCT. Hyatt Hotels Corporation has several chains located all around the world. Hyatt divides its brand into various sub-categories of hotels that differ from each other by the services it provides. Some well recognized brand categories are Park Hyatt, Grand Hyatt, Hyatt Regency and Hyatt Resorts. Hyatt Regency in Dubai mostly caters to business travelers and resort vacationers. The core service that Hyatt Regency offers is the accommodation of guestrooms to its customers. The hotel has around 414 stylish and contemporary guestrooms including 26 suites. Offering over various different styles and classes of room some of which are Gulf View King, Regency Suite King, Regency Executive, Emri Suite and Royal Suites gives customers a variety to choose from. Hyatt Regency also offers convention and meeting facilities since the majority of its customers represent business travelers. The hotel also has a ballroom [1,157 square meters] that can accommodate over a thousand people for events. Hyatt Re gency has around 9 flexible and divisible meeting rooms, two with natural daylight. Their convention and meeting facilities usually offer meal services to the rented rooms, with a selection of food items and cuisines that range from finger food items to lunch buffets. Customizable bookings of rooms make Hyatts core service very flexible to adapt to the requirements of the customer since its main target is towards customer stay satisfaction. Apart from Hyatt Regencys core service of accommodating customers, the hotel also offers a large variety of supplementary services to people. The premise consists of a number of restaurants, bars and lounge, their most famous revolving restaurant Al Dawar located on the rooftop of the hotel. Other places like Focaccia, Miyako, Shahrzad, The Kitchen, Carpenter Bar gives customers a variety of cuisine choices. Hyatt Regency also has recreational facilities which add value to customer stay experience at the hotel. The Club Fitness and Spa, Golf Park and the only hotel which has an ice rink include in these recreational facilities. 9.2 PLACE. Hyatt Regency stands tall towards the edge of Dubai around the cornice area in Deira. This spectacular location overlooks the whole of Dubai, with great views of the Arabian Gulf and the city. The hotel is located only 12km away from the Dubai International Airport and is close to the oldest business sectored area of Dubai. Although it doesnt reside in the heart of the city, it has a lot of tourist attractions minutes away from the hotel. Some of these places would include the shopping areas around the hotel, the Gold Souq, Mamzar Park which is a minutes drive from the hotel, historical museums and also the Creek. The location of Hyatt Regency now isnt that busy as businesses and other commercial activities tend to move towards the west side of Dubai (towards Jebel Ali). However, its location shouldnt be seen as a negative thing to business travelers, the peaceful and the not so busy side of Dubai does make customers see it as an advantage. The construction of the world famous projec t of Dubai, the man-made island known as Palm Deira, (although this project is temporary on hold) would bring forth a lot of opportunities to Hyatt Regency. Once this project is completed there would be great business attraction towards this side of Dubai which would be beneficial to Hyatt Regency since it is known as a business hotel. The channel of distribution that Hyatt Regency uses is more direct since it is a service sectored business. There is close contact with customers where their desired needs would be passed onto the hotel management to cater to, to fully satisfy customer stay experience. 9.3 PRICE. There are many factors that influence the prices charged on services. Hyatt Regencys pricing strategy is kept very flexible due to these factors. Hyatt Regencys prices are very sensitive to the market, which means their prices are highly influenced on the demand of their services they offer. Dubai being a tourist attracting city has led to the increasing number of hotels being set up around the busy areas of Dubai. This makes Hyatt Regency consider focusing on being competitive in the market following a competitive pricing strategy. The current prices of rooms average to around AED900 for a nights stay. This price usually fluctuates based on a number of factors. Firstly, the prices charged to customers are value-based, that is related to the different type of rooms available and the added services chosen by customers. Seasonal changes influence room rates too. The winter season in Dubai is much more pleasant than during the summer, so these rates are often raised during the peak seas on which is between October to March. Another factor that influences price rates is the availability of the rooms, like any business prices charged on the few rooms that are left and available would be more than the regular rate. The time between booking a room and staying in that room can change price rates (immediate bookings are more expensive than advanced bookings). Although all these factors can influence the room rates that Hyatt Regency charges customers they have to be careful not to flee potential customers to their substitutes because when it comes to hotel services in Dubai the cross elasticity of demand is always positive and very sensitive to competition. This means that Hyatt Regency should play its strategy right in the pricing market in the making maximum profit without losing out on sales. 9.4 PROMOTION. Hyatt Regency is known to be more of a business hotel than a tourist attraction. Promotion isnt focused upon as much in the local media. Most of its above the line promotion is carried out in countries outside the UAE, advertising in Western countries and Europe. Hyatt Regency usually gets its customers by associating their hotels with companies that recommend its workers a Hyatt stay. It also attracts customers from airline companies like Emirates. Hyatt Regency does focus on below the line promotional methods, by holding special offers to interest customers with a bundle package of their services, Hyatt Business Plan or the Time for Family special offer packages which are currently promoted to them. There are a lot of reward schemes that Hyatt Regency offers which encourage payment from customers. Every payment transactions made in Hyatt Regency allows the redeemable of Skywards reward points, a good persuasive method of payment. The hotel also introduced a loyalty scheme for custo mers, especially the ones that most frequently stay at Hyatt Regency. This loyalty scheme, the Gold Passport Program, where a customer can collect points on his account based on the number of times he stays there which can be used to request for discounts on his/her next visit at Hyatt. The hotel also has the issuing of gift cards which is seen as a splendid way to attract new customers to experience Hyatts service. 9.5 PROCESS. In Hyatt most of all the processes take place in the backstage which is invisible to the consumer and it is all carried out by the backstage staff and the registration system. The process begins with the guest reserving a room in the hotel and ends when a particular guest checks out. The primary process is the registration process carried out with the input of front desk staff of all the guest details, followed by the various invisible processes such as when the guest calls for a room service from the room for a service staff taking the order, process in the kitchen, filling of carts with requested supplies, adding guest requests in registration system etc. when the customer acquires services out of the room but in the hotel itself also requires processes such as preparing the food in a restaurant, mixing a drink in a bar which is a front stage process, registering signed bills into the transcript etc. The final process involves checking out the guest from the registration system fla gging task has been successfully accomplished by the front desk staff. 9.6 PEOPLE. In Hyatt Regency the culture is based on ethics and integrity which is partially employee driven recognizes the importance of employees and associates as its guests. It is essential for Hyatt Regency to recruit staff that share common interests in culture. The associates are educated to make a difference from day one, and they are offered with quality training to expertise in operational areas and also on management skills to deliver customer service. (Hyatt, 2010) Hyatt goes to great means in providing high quality health care insurance and retirement schemes for employees and family members. There is also educational re-imbursement program that provide an optimal learning experience to keep the associates up-to-date and ahead of competition. Hyatt Regency employees have a strong commitment and motivated through promotion opportunities within based on their performance and they are also offered with empowerment awards such as Hyatt Star which is a monetary reward for their performan ce. It is also possible for the associates to provide feedback through the Employee Opinion Survey. There are various advantages of working in a huge corporation like Hyatt from being able to have discounts on not only hotel rooms but also on a variety of other service products. Guests seldom make perceptions about the quality of services they receive through their interaction amongst employees. As the main goal of Hyatt seeking to be the most preferred brand among guests, they achieve this by providing high quality services but in turn the guests play a significant role in the delivery of service. The guests are also involved in co-production; they follow the hotels rules and guidelines which allows them and other guests to have to have an optimal experience and satisfaction. 9.7 PHYSICAL EVIDENCE. Hyatt Regency Dubais exterior seems somber but as a guest enters its doors, the interior creates an impressive, striking first impression. The floors are paved with smooth ivory marble across a vast reception area. The concierge is available on the left and a porter service on the right. The entrance to the Galleria is straight ahead and directions to each part of the hotel are clearly shown. There are elegant stairways as well. One of the many restaurants, The Kitchen provides an ambience of lounge music, sofas and a lounging area for guests who have just arrived, to relax in. There are gifts and souvenir shops as well as rental car shops all available with easy access for the guests. To transport guests baggage to their rooms, bellboys are available. The hotel has a contemporary look, cool neutrals and dark wood veneers providing a lush look to the interior. The staff at the concierge is very helpful and willing to help you with anything. The Galleria entrance provides access to th e ice rink and shopping facilities. ATMs are also provided inside. Internet WI-Fi is available to guests too. 9.8 PRODUCTIVITY Hyatt Regency Dubai ensures its customers its top most priority but also maintain that it is their employees who make the Hyatt experience, an outstanding one. Based on their Corporate Values, they empower their staff towards career development rather than just jobs. Business is conducted with an entrepreneurial attitude and innovation. Hyatt aims to draw and preserve a work force that are provided with a luxurious hospitable environment where they are comfortable and motivates them to provide high quality service levels. As Hyatt says We believe we can accomplish this by being a listening company of well-informed, impassioned people. Hyatt Regency Dubai provides extensive training regimes to inform and keep their employees up to date. They initiated a program called School Of Hospitality. This course provided courses which were standardised and customised to satisfy employees training needs as well as boost performance. Hyatt hopes to achieve higher customer focus, innovation and co nsistency whereas mainly offering authentic hospitality to each of their guests (Khan, T, 2009). 10.0 RECOMMENDATIONS. As we have analyzed the service delivery of Hyatt Regency Dubai, using the flower of service, SWOT analysis and their marketing mix strategies we have identified their issues and suggest the following recommendations. Hyatt Regencys customer segment should include more focus on leisure guests rather than just placing importance on business guests. Leisure guests can be accommodated at the Galleria apartments which are situated right next to Hyatt Regency and take advantage of the amenities and activities. The reason for this recommendation being that business guests are less likely to avail the facilities offered by the Galleria which are shopping, the salons, the eateries and the ice rink. By increasing their customer base, Hyatt can experience even greater revenues. Hyatt Regency having been in the UAE for almost more 30 years, they havent done any direct form of advertising for their hotel. Because of this, it has been seen that even some of the people who have been staying for more than 20 years in Dubai still dont know about Hyatt Regency. The hotel needs to re-review their modes on promotion. During our interview with the Executive Hospitality Manager, he mentioned that Hyatt Regency doesnt do any direct promotions in the UAE, but mostly in Europe and other international regions, because of the fact that their target customers are mainly business customers. This way Hyatt Regency can make its presence known more locally. Hyatt will also have to face the fact that many new hotels, are emerging, who use advertising to promote services similar to that of Hyatt Regency. A suggestion would be for Hyatt Regency to branch out and have few hotel apartment buildings located within certain parts of the city where businesses are mainly concentrated. Since many of Hyatts guests are business people, it would be more beneficial for them because at current, the location of Hyatt Regency is in area a bit away from the city. Possible solution would be to open up hotel apartment branches in business locations like Media City and Internet City. This would allow business guests to access the business sites much easily. Another huge concern that we observed about Hyatt Regency was that visitor parking behind the hotel was strewn with garbage. Being a 5 star hotel, Hyatt must take responsibility for looking after the cleanliness, not just of the hotel but also the premises within which it is located. Hyatt Regency needs to take steps to keep the parking lot clean, otherwise it would reflect badly on Hyatt Regencys image. 11.0 CONCLUSION. In conclusion, it is clearly evident that Hyatt Regency has been successfully able to target and satisfy their guests, mainly business customers. As a hotel that has been upholding its 5 star status for almost 3 decades, it is no doubt that Hyatt Regencys quality of service and hospitality is of top notch allowing the hotel to stand up to the tests of time. As the Executive Hospitality Manager said, many hotels offer the same service, but the amount of effort by Hyatt Regency to deliver those services is what differentiates it from the competition.

Auto Competition :: GCSE Business Marketing Coursework

Auto Competition Intro When an auto manufacturer needs to cut costs it will sometimes look for help from another manufacturer. This process results in a merging between companies in order to benefit one another. Companies may merge to be cost efficient or even to gain entry into another market segment. Either way, manufacturers try to gain instant results by merging. Auto manufacturers compete with each other to give consumers the state of the art safety systems that they demand. Parents are becoming more concerned about their family's safety with the lifesaving abilities of airbags. Consumers are looking at airbags as a very important option when making a vehicle purchasing decision. Not only must the automobile come equipped with one, but consumers also want a way to disengage the passenger side of the system if needed for children and infants. Description of Industry In the 1960's, automotive safety began with a man by the name of Ralph Nader. In November of 1965 Nader wrote Unsafe at Any Speed: The Designed-in Dangers of the American Automobile. The target of this book was General Motors' Corvair Nader claimed the rear suspension was faulty and made it possible to skid violently and roll over (Bollier). After Nader made the public aware of safety concerns, automotive manufacturers started putting items such as power disk brakes as standard equipment on new automobiles. GM started impact testing and designed side beam guards in the late 1960's (General Motors website). Nader's continued crusading into the 1970's made GM realize that it had to be proactive in the safety movement. The result of the movement was designing an airbag in 1973. Volvo had already introduced the airbag in 1972 on its 240/260 series (Volvo History). Companies, realizing that Nader was not going to be disappearing anytime, soon decided to look for suppliers that were safety conscious. Automotive manufacturers began buying safety glass, which reduced injuries from large glass shards in accidents. The introduction of the steel belted tires reduced the amount of tire blowouts, which can lead to rollovers. In the 1980's the public started to listen and jump onto Nader's bandwagon. The public was demanding automobiles equipped with life saving safety features. GM introduced the rear lap/shoulder belt in 1986 as standard equipment. Also in 1986 Volvo introduced a detachable seat for children up to the age of four.

Foresic thing

Emily Wilson Marcy Mrs. Myers Mr. Thompson -Dbl occupancy paid $9 extra. -Why would she report the crime if she did it -Defensive when asked questions -No alibi -Receipt shows she was not alone in the hotel room. -Appeared inconsolable as she straightened papers -Suspected of infidelity – Never got permission -Backpack with evidence from crime scene. -Knew the forest very well.Timeline Of Events 8:00 am Monday May 14 -Police respond to a report of missing person at Middle State University -First nterview was with Marcy by officer Stansky -According to Marcy, Professor Klein left for a field trip located near Jacob Falls around 5:15 last Friday night. -Dr. Myers was a secretive and competitive man -Warm weather, heavy decomposition 8:30 Tuesday 15 – Mrs. Myers said that her husband lives in a motel out in Jacob Falls -He had an office out in the community college -Last time she talked to him was around the time he called to tuck the kids in around 8:30. 0:05 Tuesday May 15 -Dr. Myers has research assistance Always Jealous of professor Klein -Emily said that she was at a young archaeologists conference all weekend and also had a receipt. -Emily said she wasn't expecting him until next week when asked why she didn't report him missing. -Late Thursday evening professor Klein's body was found lying supine along the banks of the creek. 5:45 Friday May 18 -No shoe / footprints -No physical wound due to maggot activity -Heavvy downpour and flooding occurred Saturday and light rain on Tuesday night.Heavvy maggot activity on and around professor Klein's body, both feeding and migrating. -Place look ransacked. Going over the details I believe that Emily Wilson was the murderer ot botn protessor Klein and Dr. Myers. Professor Klein might have died Tuesday may 15. Emily and Dr. Myers kidnapped Professor Klein because they were both Jealous and Emily decided that she was going to kill professor Klein on the low but then Dr. Myers saw her do it so then Emily had to kill dr. Myers too.

Fictional Story Essay

Fictional Story Essay Fictional Story Essay Psychology What is Psychology? Professor Dominique Bentley Kishwaukee College Abstract What do your dreams mean? Why can’t we tickle ourselves? This course attempts to answer these queries and many others, providing a comprehensive overview of the scientific study of thought and behavior. It explores topics such as perception, communication, learning, memory, decision-making, religion, persuasion, hunger, art, fiction, and dreams. We will look at how these parts of the mind develop in children, how they differ across people, how they are wired-up in the brain, and how they break down due to illness and injury. This paper is designed to help you all understand the main points of psychology and what it means. What is Psychology? Many things can affect what we dream about and they are not always our previous thoughts. Dreams can be a window into another world. Things such as gender, information gained during the course of time, or even sensations established while asleep all subsidize to the content of dreams. Many times they contribute more than most people think. Dreams achieve emotional homework that helps us master life’s lessons. The mind will work sub-consciously on the small things in life that are often missed because of greater problems. Many times your mind will put information together that was gathered over whichever a long or short eras of time. For instance, if two pieces of information were attained, the mind would subconsciously put them together while in a dream state. While both men and women have the ability of doing this, women have an easier time recalling their dreams. This may be because of the content of the dreams or the fact that men generally do not worry about them as much. The mind also in the dream state can process certain outside stimuli. There have been professional dream interpreters for many years. The problem with the all of the interpreters is that they looked for the meaning of the dreams and not why we are having the dreams. Though many researchers have found many new facts and information on dreams there is still a lot of info that still needs to be discovered. While the breakthrough in dreams and psyche have perplexed the scientific industry, the thought of being able to employ dreams is incredible. In this next chapter we are going to explore certain things only another person can do for ourselves, tickling. Try it; you (mostly) can’t. It is a well-known fact that you can’t tickle yourself. Brush your own fingers across the soles of your feet. You certainly feel a sensation, but it’s nothing like when someone else does it. But why can’t you tickle yourself? If someone else can tickle you, then you should be able to tickle yourself. After all, I can feel my own touch just the same as someone else’s can’t I? The response is, psychologists think, that our brains have a basic function which is designed to tell whether some perception is caused by us, or whether it comes from outside. The difference between the two is significant because else your own touch might give you the same revelation as when someone comes up behind you and taps you on the shoulder. After all if you could tickle yourself, the world would be full of laughter. Some other explorations we will come across in this psychology course, is religion. Religion and spirituality play a foremost role in the indulgent of human behavior. Religion and spirituality have been a part of human experience throughout the course of history, tapping into almost every facet of life from ethnic beliefs to the arts. Religion and spirituality incorporate a world that goes beyond our overall understanding of how and why by ascribing a higher overall purpose and meaning that spreads outside of our lives here on earth. As a professor I do not believe that a passable psychological understanding of most people cannot be proficient in the absence of religion and or spirituality. Science for example gives tolerable answers to incidences in

Free Essays on Lead

Lead is a poisonous element that can harm humans if they aren’t careful. The most common hazardous problem is lead poisoning. Lead is poisoning can have some severe affects but with being aware of this hazard there are ways to avid being poisoned. A very common place where children can be infected by lead poisoning is on public playground equipment. This is possible if the equipment has chipping or peeling lead paint, which is potential lead poisoning hazard primarily for children six years old and younger. They ingest the lead by getting paint chips or dust on their hands and then putting their hands into their mouth. To solve this problem, it is recommended that you keep the lead at or below the 0.5 percent level. The other big cause for lead poisoning is lead in your drinking water that comes out of the faucet. The best way to prevent this is b simply just being aware of your waters lead levels. You should always flush your pipes before drinking. Anytime the water in a particular faucet has not been used for six hours or longer you need to flush your cold water pipes by running the water until it becomes as cold as it will get. The more time water has been sitting it becomes as cold as it will get. The more time water has been in your house pipes, the more lead it may contain. Only use cold water tap for drinking, cooking, and especially for making baby formula. Hot water is likely to contain higher levels of lead. Lead poisoning can be caused by lead fishing sinkers too. So it is encouraged not to use lead sinkers or any other items containing lead while fishing.... Free Essays on Lead Free Essays on Lead Lead is a poisonous element that can harm humans if they aren’t careful. The most common hazardous problem is lead poisoning. Lead is poisoning can have some severe affects but with being aware of this hazard there are ways to avid being poisoned. A very common place where children can be infected by lead poisoning is on public playground equipment. This is possible if the equipment has chipping or peeling lead paint, which is potential lead poisoning hazard primarily for children six years old and younger. They ingest the lead by getting paint chips or dust on their hands and then putting their hands into their mouth. To solve this problem, it is recommended that you keep the lead at or below the 0.5 percent level. The other big cause for lead poisoning is lead in your drinking water that comes out of the faucet. The best way to prevent this is b simply just being aware of your waters lead levels. You should always flush your pipes before drinking. Anytime the water in a particular faucet has not been used for six hours or longer you need to flush your cold water pipes by running the water until it becomes as cold as it will get. The more time water has been sitting it becomes as cold as it will get. The more time water has been in your house pipes, the more lead it may contain. Only use cold water tap for drinking, cooking, and especially for making baby formula. Hot water is likely to contain higher levels of lead. Lead poisoning can be caused by lead fishing sinkers too. So it is encouraged not to use lead sinkers or any other items containing lead while fishing....

Problems Faced to Accomplish Effective Speech and Writing Skills Essay

Problems Faced to Accomplish Effective Speech and Writing Skills - Essay Example This remains a reality that many people have to go for education purposes to strange lands where speech and writing rules may differ hugely from the ones socially practiced in their native lands. This is where myriad ambiguities enter the scene and plague the minds of many confused students who might have travelled much to get education in a certain college. Foreign students, unlike native ones, are mostly seen as individuals exposed to strange norms and complex behaviors, some of which may be quite hostile as well. Both writing and speech activities are heavily influenced by good communication skills and foreign students should know how to use those skills in unfamiliar academic territories for their own academic benefits. The reality of the immense difficulty faced by foreign students in practicing new speech and writing skills in unfamiliar academic territories is further strengthened as research study done by (McCarthy) identifies that foreign students perceive themselves as stra ngers in strange lands. Once enrolled in a certain foreign institution, students belonging to different cultural backgrounds and more familiar to their native languages, have to make great efforts to adapt themselves to new speech situations as a result of which developing close understanding with appropriate styles of communicating and writing which can be applied in new academic territories with great facility becomes inevitably important. A student â€Å"has to invent the university by assembling and mimicking its language while finding some compromise between a personal history and the requirements of convention† (Norgaard). Those students who make painstaking efforts to maintain close interaction with their professors even after the lecture hours finish are seen as individuals taking good grades and rapidly achieving a secure job once their educational periods end. In contrast to such highly interactive students, many foreign students feel shy to communicate with their p rofessors due to myriad underlying reasons which may be of cultural, lingual, intellectual, or psychological nature. Teachers can play a major role in making such students familiar with the rules of writing and speech in a language they consider alien. The research study done by (Delpit) identifies that teachers should understand that such students deliberately choose not to learn sometimes, rather â€Å"choosing to maintain their sense of identity in the face of what they perceive as a painful choice between allegiance to them or us† (Delpit). Foreign students may also face hesitation in interacting with the learned scholars at colleges because of the great fear that they may be looked down upon or mocked by fellow students if they happen to make any grammatical or pronunciation mistakes while trying to interact in foreign language with their teachers. Students should be transformed by their teachers in such a way that they would stop considering English as an alien language which somehow plays a role in furthering their oppression. Teachers should make those students, who are not already accustomed to the features of mainstream learners, learn how to carry on an effective discourse in the foreign language. â€Å"Teachers must acknowledge and validate students’ home language without using it to limit students’ potential† (Delpit). Now, developing good communication skills in English language is not an easy task, especially when it comes to foreign learners who find

Business Culture of Albania and Italy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Business Culture of Albania and Italy - Essay Example The researcher states that language is regarded as an important part of business dealings as communication is the backbone of successful business negotiations. In case of Albania, it has been found that most government officials speak English, but the same thing cannot be said about people employed in the private sector. Use of interpreters or translators is a commonplace business practice. In case of Italy, English is also the most commonly spoken foreign language. In Italy, use of body language is as important as hand gestures and personal contacts are as dominant as speech. Avoiding excessive use of body language may be considered as an unfriendly attitude, which can, therefore, harm the business. This practice is not found in Albania. Given the difference in the official language of the two countries, need for translators will be inevitable to carry business if English is not spoken. In this case, it can be stated that misinterpretations of non-verbal gestures like, hand gestures , may act as severe intercultural communication barrier between Italy and Albania as Italians tend to use more such gestures. It has been observed that time is not considered to be an important parameter in case of Albania, but is quite important for Italy. Punctuality has been regarded as an important parameter in inter-cultural business. This is because punctuality has the notable influence on the social behavior. It is noticed that Italians expect a formal explanation if there is any delay in the business meeting and such a habit is condemnable. However, the social attitude of people in Albania makes punctuality an obsolete requirement. So, in case of business dealings between companies of these countries, it is important for the Albanians to be more particular about the time factor. Â  

The Guardian of Every Other Right Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

The Guardian of Every Other Right - Essay Example Property ownership is a complex and a serious issue all over the world. In United States also, it is considered as a serious issue. There are few controversies on this issue from the beginning. From the beginning means that from the colonial rule to the present day, the ownership of land is though to be a controversial and contentious issue. The book deals with the subject very thoroughly and gives an overview of the laws, ideologies and politics involve in this issue. And also the political and economical change that occurs due to the land and property issue and how these changes affect the constitution and the thoughts behind the constitution. The write provided a clear and comprehensive view about the historical prospective of the property rights issue. How these property right issues were resolved in the colonial rule and also in the democratic issues. According to Ely, there is a link between the private property rights and the political scenario or the political autonomy, because these issues cannot be resolved without the help of government. Government must interfere with people and public to make their contracts and to put some conditions before the transfer of any property. The laws and private contracts were modified as the US society and politics became modernized and industrialized. The writer highlighted and explained the constitutional standing and laws over the property issues. The constitution does provide some rules and rights over the property owners. As US got industrialized, the laws and legal developments were made during 1990's. The writer focused his attention and gave his views about those property rights which were provided legally to the property owners. He discussed in detail about the judicial decisions and the important legislations that took place in 1990's regarding the property rights. The decisions that were taken by the legislators and the explanations which were further made on the same regard, all are discussed by the writer. The writer himself seems to have a lot of knowledge about the legislations and laws for property rights. The writer's knowledge and comprehension about the subject plays an important role in any book. Writer can explain and express his ideas in a better way if he/she holds a command over the subject. Ely tells about the legal developments and enhancements made during the last era over the property rights. Supreme Court paid special attention to the issue and tried to introduce some amendments in the law so that public can easily go through these cases. The main emphasis was to cut this process shorten so that the time and money of people could be saved. Due to Supreme Courts final decisions in some cases, people felt the need of some laws or amendments in the previous laws for the protection of property and also the property owners. This came under the Fifth Amendment. The important thing over here is that the role of Federal Authority was examined and public became curious that what the Federal Authority has to do with these laws and what is their stance over the issue. Their role was examined mainly in context of commerce clause and also the noticeable advancements made at the state level. The book gave a clear picture and a complete knowledge about the history and innovations in the property laws under the Constitution. The information is provided over

Macbeth Act 3 Scene 5 Essay Example for Free

Macbeth Act 3 Scene 5 Essay This scene takes place in a deserted area where there is thunder which also parallels with act 1 scene 1 where the witches meet each other with thunder and lightning. The scene establishes the mood of darkness and violence and also creates suspense and eerie atmosphere due to the presence of witches. It begins with Hecates monolog where she disapproved the witches for meddling with Macbeths future; this passage foreshadows the appearance of the witches to Macbeth along with his downfall. Her anger is shown at the opening of the scene with the use of three rhetorical questions. In the first rhetoric question, Hecate criticizes the witches in a deeming way. In the second rhetoric question the alliteration trade and traffic emphasizes her upset tone and in the third rhetoric question she asserts her superiority over the witches mistress of your charms, the close contriver of all harms. Through the metaphor, wayward son Hecate gives clues that Macbeth attempted to defy the witches prophecy by trying to destroy Banquos line. It also shows his self-centered ambition, and he is called a wayward son because he is not a genuine devotee of witchcraft and only aims to the profit by it. The lines by Hecate give a clear hint that Macbeths reliance on the witches is misplaced and that he is doomed. After rebuking the witches for the past errors Hecate commands them to make amends of their folly action. Hecate gives out a feeling of betrayal through the use of her language. She uses rhetorical questions, rhyming couplet, and enjambment which disguises her underline message. Hecate also asks the witches to help her manipulate Macbeths emotions and plans to create illusions which will lure Macbeth into a false sense of security. Hecates speech is ironical when she says that the witches tempted Macbeth by saying riddles when they actually prophesied to Macbeth. Euphemism is used in the terms glory of art and great business to refer to the witches plan of destroying Macbeth. The great business also refers to the major illusion that they are going to destroy Macbeth. Imagery is used in the scene were a vivid description of the scheme of the witches plan is described there hangs a vaprous drop profound; Ill catch it ere it come to ground; Hecate intends to lead Macbeth to his doom and distraction by magic spells which will conjure up powerful apparitions that will be able to lead Macbeth to his ultimate doom. As a result Macbeth will defy fate and death and will ignore all warnings of wisdom and fear of consequences security is mortals chiefest enemy, Hecate says that overconfidence is the greatest enemy of man as by depriving of his own wisdom and making him complacent, it sends him to the path of ruin and destruction. These captivating lines encapsulates the fascinating rituals of which craft.

a world lit only by fire Essay -- essays research papers

Antigone   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Antigone was the daughter of Oedipus. She had two brothers, Polyneices and Eteocles, and a sister Ismene. Oedipus had been the King of Thebes. However, he had killed his father and married his mother not knowing they were his parents. Oedipus was disgraced and had left the kingdom. His two sons were too young to rule, so Creon, their uncle served as ruler of Thebes. When Polyneices and Eteocles grew older they allowed their Uncle Creon to continue to rule because of the dishonor, which had been caused by their father. In time, each of the brothers wanted to rule Thebes. Arguments ensued. Polyneices felt he should be the ruler because he was the eldest. Eteocles, also wanted to rule, but was forced to leave Thebes by his brother.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Polyneices went to Argo and recruited an army against his brother and Thebes. During the battle Polyneices and Eteocles killed each other committing the sin of fratricide. After the death of their brothers, Antigone and Ismene were the only remaining members of the royal Oedipus family. Antigone was to marry Haemon, Creon’s son thus uniting both royal families. Creon gave Eteocles a hero’s funeral because he fought for Thebes. Polyneices was not to be given a proper funeral but left out in the open for animals to eat and carry off.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Antigone felt she and Ismene had an obligation to bury Polyneices, as there were no longer any males alive in the family. ...

Informatinn On Black Libraries :: essays research papers fc

Informatinn on Black Libraries Namibia Resource Centre Southern Africa Library The Library The library's collection of books focuses primarily on southern Africa and publications originating from the region. Its holdings of publications printed in Namibia since the early 1950s are probably the most extensive outside Africa. The collection contains publications in European and African languages and emphasises the social sciences and humanities. The rare-book collection of early accounts of European explorations covers the whole of sub-Saharan Africa. Special attention is being given to material documenting the history of the Swiss in Africa. The collection of periodicals includes both colonial and current titles, some of which are not to be found in other institutions in Switzerland. Current periodicals from southern Africa include newspapers, community newsletters, business bulletins and scientific journals. The collection of bibliographies is intended to cover all major geographic regions and subject issues concerning sub-Saharan Africa. They enable us to maintain the original purpose of the institution, i.e. to provide bibliographical information to researchers and others interested in Africa. The Archives The archival collection consists of several sections. One section primarily holds personal papers of individuals from Namibia and Switzerland. Another section consists of press cuttings and grey literature (pamphlets, reports, posters, etc.) from southern Africa and includes material from various Anti- Apartheid movements. Printed material concerning "SWAPO of Namibia" is regarded as extensive. In addition, a small collection of historical photographs from Namibia is being kept. The map collection contains 800 maps on Namibia, at present on loan to the Institute of Geography of the University of Basel. Reference guides on all archival holdings are available to researchers. The Publications Our own publications form part of our effort to promote knowledge and encourage research on Africa. Since 1971 more than 70 titles have been published, some of which are now considered to be standard texts on their subject. The series published by the BAB are: "Communications from the Basel Africa Bibliography" "Beitraege zur Afrikakunde" "Geomethodica" Reference guides on the archival holdings of the BAB. Occasional publications include dissertations, reprints, and working papers. Bibliophiles will find out second-hand bookshop particularly attractive. It has become a meeting point of people interested in Africa and a window ot the street inviting passers-by to come in, browse through the shelves and have a chat. Basler Afrika Bibliographien The Basler Afrika Bibliographien (BAB) houses the only Namibia Resource Centre in Europe and the only Southern Africa Library in Switzerland. Established in 1971 by Carl Schlettwein as a private research institution, it forms today part of a foundation whose aim it is to encourage research on Africa in general and

Media & Invasion of Privacy

LAGOS STATE UNIVERSITY SCHOOL OF COMMUNICATION A TERM PAPER SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE COURSE: ETHICS AND PROFESSIONAL PRACTISE (MAC 854) LECTURER: DR. JIMI KAYODE TITLE: MEDIA AND THE INVASION OF PRIVACY BY AKANDE ADEFEYISAYO ADEBOLARINWA †¢ SUBMITTED ON 30th JANUARY, 2010 INTRODUCTION Media practitioners possess the function of gathering, processing and disseminating news item to a heterogeneous large audience which often times not done with sound moral judgement in mind lands them into pool of troubled waters. Celebrities, politicians and other sought-after sources of news have over time expressed justifiable anguish over the diminishing aspects of their lives that are no longer free from prying eyes and publication from the press. They routinely assert that members of the media violates their privacy based strictly on their need to publish any news story that comes their way for the main purpose of profit and simply can not distinguish what type of information is private, public or newsworthy. Journalists, however, often possess diverse concepts of privacy and newsworthiness, and know that the issue is more complicated based on the fact that reporting news stories in a way that serves and informs the public will often require publicizing details or displaying images that will mortify or anger someone. To make privacy issues even more complicated for journalists, courts constantly redefine what is private based upon interpretations of the elusive legal standard of a â€Å"reasonable expectation of privacy. ( www. winning-newsmedia. com/privacy) â€Å"The U. S. Supreme Courts scolding of the media in the 1999 â€Å"ride along† cases for a perceived inattention to the privacy rights of the people featured in the news most likely reflects the current attitude of many judges and lawmakers and, thus, underscores the importance for journalists to be aware of general privacy principles. † (www. associatedcontent. com/topic) The intrusion and publication of private images can expose journalists to overwhelming financial liability if a court determines that a news organization has invaded a person’s privacy. The invasion of another’s privacy is a tort, meaning a civil wrong against another that results in injury. A privacy tort occurs when a person or entity breaches the duty to leave another person alone. When reporters intrude on a person’s privacy and cause emotional or monetary injury, they may be forced to pay damages. To avoid lawsuits, journalists must know how the law operates while seeking to balance the competing interests of the press and the public against the privacy interests of the subjects of the reports. Journalists often run contrary of this tort through the process of gathering information. Actions that may violate this privacy right include intrusion onto private property, concealed observation and the deceptive access into private areas. Conduct that invades privacy may also violate the criminal law. In general, courts have held that journalists must obey all relevant laws. In Cox Broadcasting Corp. v. Cohn, 420 U. S. 469 (1975) â€Å"the U. S. Supreme Court noted that in privacy tort, claims of privacy most directly confront the constitutional freedoms of speech and press†. www. definitions. uslegal. com) This study provides a universal explanation of each privacy tort and related causes of action. The privacy facts tort presents the unsettling circumstances in which journalists may be liable for monetary damages for coverage of news item. In several cases the Supreme Court has held that â€Å"where a newspaper publishes truthful information which it has lawfully obtaine d, punishment may lawfully be imposed, if at all, only when narrowly tailored to a state interest of the highest order. Florida Star v. B. J. F. , 491 U. S. 524, 541 (1989). Although the Supreme Court has prevented states from punishing journalists who published legally obtained names of juvenile offenders and rape victims, the Court has not absolutely rejected the private facts tort in this context. Although crimes such as rape are newsworthy and newsworthiness is a defence to a private facts suit, not all courts have agreed that the identity of a rape victim is newsworthy. Apart from news story either in the broadcast or in the print medium, photography has also been observed as posing some inimitable problems in privacy law, broadly, the legal analysis for invasion of privacy through images parallels the analysis for invasions through words. Essentially, the scope of this study is simply to analysis the fundamental nature of privacy laws, the various types that a mass media practitioner can run afoul of in the course of his or her duty and its implication for the society as a whole. Emergence of Privacy Laws: Concerns about intrusive newspaper reporting were mainly the beginning of the law of privacy. At that time, metropolitan daily newspapers used a variety of sensational information to attract potential readers. Media practitioners often played out the lives of the affluent and famous on the pages of their newspaper, permitting their readers to vicariously enjoy the wealth and the status of the celebrity. It was the kind of journalism now commonly referred to as â€Å"yellow journalism† that drove two Boston lawyers, Samuel D. Warren and Louis Brandeis to use the pages of the Harvard Law Review to recommend an officially documented right to privacy titled â€Å"The Right to Privacy† in 1890. Thus, their enterprise can be justifiably referred to as the source from which the law of privacy sprouted from. In their words as cited in Pember & Calvert, 2006: To satisfy a prurient taste the details of sexual relations are spread broad-cast in the columns of the daily papers. To occupy the indolent, column upon column is filled with idle gossip, which can only be procured by intrusion upon the domestic circle†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. The common law has always recognised a man’s house as his castle, impregnable, often, even to its own officers engaged in the execution of its commands. Shall the courts close the front entrance to constituted authority, and open wide the back door to idle or prurient curiosity? Warren and Brandeis strongly proposed that people should be able to go to courts to stop such unwarranted intrusions and also to secure monetary damages for the hardship or emotional distress they suffered from prying and from publication of private materials about them. The question of when the coverage and reporting of news became an invasion of privacy is a difficult one, especially for photographers and videographers. Consequently, the combination of a lack of clear definitions of privacy standards and an acceptance of degree of privacy puts media practitioners in a precarious position. In Sanders v. American Broadcasting Cos. , Inc. , 978 P. 2d 67 Cal. 1999, â€Å"the California Supreme Court held in 1999 that even an employee who holds a conversation in an open office space and overheard by co-workers can pursue an invasion of privacy claim if that conversation is recorded by a reporter’s hidden camera. The court rejected the notion of privacy as an â€Å"all-or-nothing† concept and described an â€Å"expectation of limited privacy† as follows: †¢ A subjective expectation of privacy is an opinion of a person that a certain place or situation is private. †¢ An objective, legitimate or reasonable expectation of privacy is an expectation of privacy recognized by society Under different circumstances, however, courts have established that news media are justified in doing what their subjects may feel is invasive. ( wikipedia: 2002) Definitions: According to the United Nations’ Universal Declaration of Human Rights Resolution 219A (III), Article 12 of 10 December 1948 as cited in Malemi (2002: 163): No one shall be subjected to arbitrary interference with his privacy, family, home or correspondence, nor attacks upon his honour and reputation. Everyone has the right to the protection of the law against such interference or attacks. Privacy refers primarily to a person’s right to be left alone by the media, not necessarily a physical intrusion into one's private property or personal space. Invasion of privacy charges are usually presented in a civil lawsuit against media outlets that have crossed a perceived line into a celebrity or other public figure's private life, or have used his or her likeness or name in an unauthorized public manner Privacy law is the area of law concerned with the protection and preservation of the privacy rights of individuals. Increasingly, governments and other publics as well as private organizations collect vast amounts of personal information about individuals for a variety of purposes. The law of privacy regulates the type of information which may be collected and how the information may be used. The Right to Privacy: According to the 1999 Constitution of the Federal Republic of Nigeria, chapter IV, Section 37 on the right to private and family life says: â€Å"Citizens have right to privacy of themselves, their homes, correspondence, telephone and telegraphic communications. † A violation of this rights amounts to invasion of privacy. Remedies can then be pursued in the courts when anyone goes contrary to the above provisions. The right of privacy is a common-law cause of action that is a recent legal development. The U. S. Constitution contains no direct references to the right of privacy, although the Fourth Amendment states: â€Å"The right of the people to be secure in their persons, houses, papers, and effects, against unreasonable searches and seizures, shall not be violated†¦ † The right of privacy competes with the freedom of the press as well as the interest of the public in the free dissemination of news and information, and these permanent public interests must be considered when placing the necessary limitations upon the right of privacy. The First Amendment states: â€Å"Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion, or prohibiting the free exercise thereof; or abridging the freedom of speech or of the press†¦ † â€Å"[pic][pic]Invasion of privacy, then is the intrusion into the personal life of another, without just cause, which can give the person whose privacy has been invaded a right to bring a lawsuit for damages against the person or entity that intruded. It encompasses workplace monitoring, Internet privacy, data collection, and other means of disseminating private information†. Photographers’ guide to Privacy, 2003). The wrongful intrusion into a person's private activities by other individuals, the media or by the government has generally been defined as invasion of privacy. Privacy is invaded when one intentionally intrudes, physically or otherwise, upon a person's solitude or into his private area or affairs. Invasion of privacy is considered a violation of to rt law and can be litigated inside the civil courts for monetary damages. Recently, invasion of privacy has taken on even greater meaning with recent technological advances. Bussian & Levine 2004 opine that: Whether an article or broadcast is newsworthy, whether the information was gathered in an objectionable fashion, whether truthful information is nonetheless highly offensive — all are considerations in weighing individuals' claims against the news media. Invasion of privacy is a tort, a civil wrong, which can lead to jury trials and potential claims for compensatory and punitive damages. It also places judges in the unfamiliar and uncomfortable role as â€Å"editors† of last resort. Celebrities are not protected in most situations, since they have voluntarily placed themselves already within the public eye, and their activities are considered newsworthy. Categorically, invasion of privacy or the intrusion into the personal life of another, without just cause, can give the person whose privacy has been invaded a right to bring a lawsuit for damages against the person or entity that intruded. Folarin, 2005:155 also agrees that the right to privacy is a legal means by which consumers can control media content through suits instituted against the media in defence of their right relating to invasion of privacy which includes insulation from needless publication of private matters. Also that people can sue any media that uses their names falsely. He asserts that the people who have little or no chance of winning most of the suits are acknowledged public figures who are generally assumed to have lost their to privacy by taking up public office or otherwise become public by being involved in a newsworthy act or incident. In distinguishing invasion of privacy among other claims facing the media, unusual situations involving crime victims and witnesses and also photographs of virtually anything visible in a public place do not give rise to actions for publication of private facts. Also facts that give rise to a false light claim may support a defamation claim while injury to reputation is not required for a false light claim. The false light tort aims primarily to protect against emotional distress rather than to protect one’s reputation. Based on First Amendment of the US constitution concerns, and the similarity between the claims, some states have not been persuaded to recognize the false light tort. However, public personalities are not protected in most situations, since they have placed themselves already within the public eye, and their activities (even personal and sometimes intimate) are considered newsworthy and are perceived to be of legitimate public interest. Dimensions of Invasion of Privacy: ) Intrusion on one's solitude or into one's private affairs includes: †¢ The Home: A person's home gets the highest protection from the courts. Entering a house or apartment without permission of the occupant or, in some circumstances, the police, can be considered as an unlawful intrusion. †¢ Photographs and Tape Recording: Taking photographs of a person or his property in a private place may be an invasion of privacy. Tape recording a person without his consent may also provoke damage awards. ) Public di sclosure of embarrassing private information such as: †¢ Personal Matters: Details about a private person's sexual relationships, the contents of personal letters, private facts about an individual, or other intensely personal matters are off-limits to the news media unless they are considered as absolutely newsworthy. †¢ Newsworthiness: Even truthful accounts are actionable if they contain highly offensive details which are not of legitimate concern to the public. ) Publicity which puts him/her in a false light to the public: †¢ Fabrication: Ascribing quotes or fictionalizing actual events can lead to invasion if a person is portrayed in a false light before the public. †¢ Photographs: Using photographs or films to illustrate a story that implies falsely that a person is involved in a disreputable incident. d) Appropriation of one's name or picture for personal or commercial advantage such as: †¢ Advertising: The unauthorized use of a person's name or photo graph in an advertisement is another immense subject in nvading people’s privacy. †¢ Property Rights: This happens when the press offers to give away unauthorized broadcasts or photographs of a performance. The Supreme Court in the United States has ruled that there is a limited constitutional right of privacy based on a number of provisions in the Bill of Rights and subsequent amendments. This includes a right to privacy from media surveillance into an area where a person has a â€Å"reasonable expectation of privacy† and also in matters relating to marriage, procreation, contraception, family relationships, child rearing and education. However, records held by third parties such as financial records or telephone call records are generally not protected unless a specific federal law applies. The court has also recognized a right of anonymity and the right of groups to not have to disclose their members' names to media agencies. (www. answers. com) Generally, it’s been considered that one ought to have a reasonable â€Å"expectation of privacy†, meaning: i. A place where a reasonable person would believe that he or she could disrobe in privacy, without being concerned that his or her undressing was being photographed or filmed by another; or ii. A place where one may reasonably expect to be safe from casual or hostile intrusion or surveillance. Given the similarity to voyeurism, an adjudicator might find that placing a hidden camera in a certain location may amount to the torts of indignation or deliberate infliction of emotional distress. Invasion of privacy laws are usually broken into four separate categories highlighted earlier including intrusion, appropriation, false light and public disclosure of embarrassing facts. Intrusion of Solitude: Intrusion of solitude, seclusion or into private affairs is an arm of invasion of privacy done by spying on or intruding upon another person where that person has the expectation of privacy. Places that a person ought to have an expectation of privacy are usually in a home or business setting. Consequently, people who have become public figures do not have the same expectation of privacy. A media practitioner, who intentionally intrudes, physically or otherwise, upon the solitude or seclusion of another or his private affairs or concerns, is subject to liability for invasion of privacy, if the intrusion would be highly offensive to a reasonable person. To be liable for intrusion upon seclusion or solitude, the plaintiff must prove the following elements: Invasion of a secluded place or privacy: this happens when the defendant is alleged to have invaded the plaintiff's personal or private space. This could be determined by: Physical intrusion into a place where the plaintiff has secluded himself. ) Use of the defendant's senses to eavesdrop or spy in order to oversee or overhear the plaintiff's private affairs or b) Some other form of investigation or examination into plaintiff's private concerns. Objectionable intrusion: this is the type of intrusion that would be highly offensive to the ordinary reasonable person. †¢ Invasion of private affairs or matters: the i nterference with the plaintiff's privacy must be substantial (however, if the event reported occurs in public, there is no expectation of privacy). Other examples of intrusion upon privacy include placing microphones or cameras in someone's bedroom or hacking into their computer. Society does not expect a journalist to place wiretaps on a private individual’s telephone without his or her consent. Opening someone's mail is also considered to be intrusion of solitude, seclusion or private affairs. The information gathered by this form of intrusion need not be published in order for an invasion of privacy claim to succeed. Trespass is closely related to the intrusion tort and may be claimed simultaneously. Intrusion claims against the media often centre on some aspect of the newsgathering process. This tort may involve the wrongful use of tape recorders, cameras or other intrusive equipment. Trespass also can be a form of intrusion. An actionable claim for intrusion may arise whether or not a news story is published or aired. (A photographer’s guide to privacy, 2003) Appropriation of Name, Likeness or Identity: The appropriation of a private person's name, likeness or identity by a person or company for commercial gain is prohibited under the invasion of privacy laws. However, this law pertains to a private figure and not a public figure or celebrities, who have fewer and different privacy rights. The Restatement (Second) of Torts Section 652C (1977) defines appropriation of name or likeness as follows: â€Å"One who appropriates to his own use or benefit the name or likeness of another is subject to liability to the other for invasion of his privacy. † (Bussian & Levine, 2004) Appropriation of name or likeness occurs when someone uses the name or likeness of another for their own advantage. Action for misappropriation of right of publicity protects against commercial loss caused by appropriation of an individual's personality for commercial exploitation. It gives the individual exclusive right to control the commercial value of his or her name and likeness to prevent others from exploiting that value without permission. It is similar to a trademark action with the person's likeness, rather than the trademark, being the subject of the protection. The appropriation category of invasion of privacy prevents others from using a person's name or identity for commercial gain. Ordinarily, the news media do not run afoul of this form of tort. However, seemingly harmless news coverage or advertisements can lead to lawsuits. This law came into existence from a couple of court decisions in the early 1900's where a private person's photograph was being used without consent for advertising purposes and without them receiving any monetary reward for using their pictures in print. The court recognized that the common law right to privacy including a person's identity had been violated by the unauthorized commercial use. In later cases, a person's voice was also included. Public figures, especially politicians do not have the same right to privacy as regards to appropriation of name, likeness or identity since there is much less expectation of privacy for public figures. Celebrities may sue for the appropriation of name, likeness or identity not on grounds of invasion of privacy, but rather on owning their own right to publicity and the monetary rewards (or damages) that come from using their likeness. False Light: As cited in Bussian , (2004) The Restatement (Second) of Torts Section 652E (1977) provides that: One who gives publicity to a matter concerning another that places the other before the public in a false light is subject to liability to the other for invasion of his privacy, if the false light in which the other was placed would be highly offensive to a reasonable person, and the actor had knowledge of or acted in reckless disregard as to the falsity of the publicized matter and the false light in which the other would be placed. Creating a false image for an individual may constitute an invasion of privacy. This is an aspect of invasion of privacy that deals with untruthful publication. In this instance, the offended person is placed in a false light through misleading descriptions, confusion of the person's identity with another, fictionalization of actual events, or photographs taken out of context. Its features are: It gives an individual unreasonable and highly objectionable publicity that attributes false characteristics, conduct or beliefs to him or her. The said material must be published to a third person or publicised to a large audience or to so many persons that the matter must be regarded as substantially certain to become one of public knowledge. The invasion of privacy tort of false light is upheld in court when the plaintiff can prove that the defendant publicize the plaintiff in such as way that it would be highly offensive to a reasonable person. However, it is pertinent to note that this tort shares many similarities with libel and many courts have trouble separating the two. Public Disclosure of Embarrassing Private Facts: Public disclosure of embarrassing private facts becomes an invasion of privacy tort when the disclosure is so despicable that it becomes a matter of public concern and it outrages the public sense of decency. In this invasion of privacy tort, the information may be truthful and yet still be considered an invasion if it is not newsworthy, if the event took place in private and there was no consent to reveal the information. The Restatement (Second) of Torts Section 652D (1977) provides that: One who gives ublicity to a matter concerning the private life of another is subject to liability to the other for invasion of his privacy, if the matter publicized is of a kind that (a) would be highly offensive to a reasonable person, and (b) is not of legitimate concern to the public. (ibid) The media can also be held accountable for damages for truthful publication. It is considered that the antisocial article or broadcast exposes to public view certain highly offensive matters that are not considered newsworthy. In order for an offended plaintiff to prevail, he must prove that the publication was: a) Extremely offensive to a reasonable person, b) And that the matters were not of legitimate concern to the public. The latter requirement may give the news media what might be called the newsworthiness defence. Though, the legal concern of the public in a matter is not presumed by the matter's publication. Thus, a plaintiff may prove that an article is lacking in newsworthiness despite its publication. Below is a good example: Case study: Publication of Embarrassing Private Facts Nollywood actress and 2005 Gulder Ultimate Search star, Anita Hogan, was reported to have lost a three-month-old pregnancy following the shock caused by the publication of her nude pictures in Daily Sun, an evening newspaper in 2006. Anita, according to her lawyer, was engaged to be married to a white man whose nude pictures were published along with hers in the Friday, August 11th edition of the newspaper. Police detectives in Lagos eventually arrested one Emeka Nwankwo, a computer engineer who allegedly circulated the shocking pictures to the media, after the actress rebuffed his alleged bid to blackmail and extort money from her over the lurid shots. The actress through her counsel explained that the computer where the controversial photos were saved developed a fault and had to be taken for repairs, from where they were allegedly stolen. The shots were said to have been taken by Anita’s fiance and stored on her personal computer. Emeka allegedly approached her to pay him N500, 000 or risk getting her pornographic pictures with the white man published in newspapers. The actress was said to have turned down the request, which she regarded as blackmail, and Emeka allegedly went ahead with his threat to circulate the pictures to media houses. A petition written by Anita’s lawyer, Mr Tony Dania of Dania and Associates, to the Deputy Commissioner of Police SCID, Lagos, actually admitted that the pictures in circulation were those of the actress but stressed that they were Anita’s private pictures with her fiance, stolen and doctored to suit the purpose of blackmail. The aforesaid publication is a criminal invasion of our client’s privacy. From the story the suspects published, it was obvious that there was blackmail and attempts to extort money from our client. They stole some of our clients’ pictures, used the computer to improvise and superimpose further images on them, called our clie nt and demanded for money. â€Å"The white man in the published pictures is a true resemblance of Anita’s fiance who works in a very decent organisation. In fact, they have done the pre-marriage formal introduction. Anita, who lost her dad recently, was actually carrying the baby of the white man, but the shock of the aforesaid inglorious publications made her to lose her pregnancy between Saturday/Sunday, August, 12, 13, 2006,† the petition alleged. CONSTITUTIONAL PROVISIONS Misappropriation: There are statutes that govern the right of publicity. These laws have two purposes: 1) To protect ordinary individuals from the mental anguish that may accompany the undesired commercial use of their name or image, and 2) To protect the property interest that celebrities develop in their identities. Under these laws the use of a relevant picture to illustrate a newsworthy article will generally not lead to liability. The unauthorized use of a celebrity’s picture in an advertisement often will. False Light: A photograph or videotape by itself will rarely place a subject in a false light. Rather, the accompanying text, caption, or voice-over could be misleading and portray the person in a false context. However, an accurate depiction of a person in a publication the person finds offensive does not, in itself, state a false light claim. Private Facts: The private facts tort presents unsettling scenario in which media practitioners may be iable for money damages for reporting the truth. In several cases the US Supreme Court has held that â€Å"where a newspaper publishes truthful information which it has lawfully obtained, punishment may lawfully be imposed, if at all, only when narrowly tailored to a state interest of the highest order. † Florida Star v. B. J. F. , 49 1 U. S. 524, 541 (1989) as cited in Bussian & Levine 2004. Although the Supreme Court has prevented states from punishing journalists who published legally obtained names of juvenile offenders and rape victims, the Court has not absolutely rejected the private facts tort in this context. Although crimes such as rape are newsworthy not all courts have agreed that the identity of a rape victim is newsworthy. Intrusion: Intrusion always comes into play through the process of gathering information. Here, the subsequent publication of the information is not required. Actions that may violate this privacy right include trespass onto private property, hidden surveillance, and the fraudulent entry into private areas. Conduct that invades privacy may also violate the criminal law. In general, courts have held that journalists must obey generally applicable laws. Trespass is the illegal entry onto private property. If the owner or person in charge of private property orders a photographer to leave, the photographer should leave or be prepared to face a trespass charge. Photographers who accompany police onto private property are not necessarily immune from liability. Camera operators should also be aware of federal and state laws that govern the taping of oral communications. The federal wiretap statute prohibits the interception of oral communications unless one party such as the journalist consents to the recording. And there have been instances where barring the taping of oral communications exist unless all parties consent to the taping. Privacy and the Internet: â€Å"The US Congress and its state legislatures across the nation have considered or are considering scores of bills aimed at reducing public concern about the ability of Internet users to protect their private lives as they surf the World Wide Web. † (Pember & Calvert, 2006). Despite the positive usage of the internet, the have been growing concern among users about the technology considering the ease with which third parties can collect data bout users and what the data collectors can do with the material they have gathered. However, the Nigerian Government have not woken from its slumber towards the direction of giving adequate protection to its citizens, properties and of course, rights. Defences available to Privacy Suits: Several defences are available to photographers and news organizations accused of invasion of privac y: Legitimate concern: defendant in a disclosure can challenge the plaintiff's proof of the basic elements of intrusion. For example, the defendant may be able to show that the facts that the defendant disclosed were matters of legitimate public concern. If a person is involved in a matter of legitimate public concern, a â€Å"newsworthy† event, the person becomes a public figure with respect to that event, regardless of the person's intentions or desires. If a person is a public official or public figure, his or her reasonable expectations of privacy are dramatically reduced. As a practical matter, a public official or public figure cannot successfully sue unless the invasion of privacy is outrageous or done with actual malice. Consent: it is a voluntary agreement to a publication or permission to enter a private place to gather information. It could be expressed or implied. Allis (2009) opines that a person who accepts money or other considerations in exchange for the invasion of privacy is said to have sold his or her â€Å"rights. † Though some defendants, such as prosecutors and government officials do have immunity if they are acting within the scope of their authority. Anything to be used in a commercial context, whether it is a photo taken in public or in private, must have consent, usually in the form of a model release. Consent must be obtained from someone who can validly give it. Consent to enter a home may not be consent to photograph it. Consent exceeded can be the same as no consent at all. Although oral consent may protect the press from liability for invasion of privacy, written consent is more likely to foreclose the possibility of a lawsuit. However, a subject’s subsequent withdrawal of consent does not bar the publication of the photograph. It simply means that the journalist may not assert consent as a defence if the subject later files suit. Cornwell (2008) sums it by saying â€Å"the more explicit the consent, the better the protection for the press. † Newsworthiness: Is generally defined as what the public is interested in. According to Wulfemeyer (2003), if a story that includes legally obtained private information that is embarrassing to the plaintiff but the subject matter is of public concern, it would be difficult for the plaintiff to win the law suit because courts give wide latitude to the newsworthiness defence. Photographs taken in public places generally are not actionable. Photographs of crimes, arrests and accidents usually are considered newsworthy and immune from privacy claims. Public places: if an event occurs in public view, they are almost always considered public and not private. Though public places defence have been considered not absolute. Public proceedings: Information obtained during public meetings, hearings or trials can be reported by a news organization. Public records: if information has been obtained from a document that is of a public record, it can not be deemed private. ETHICAL OBLIGATION Momoh (2004) opines that as a rule a journalist should respect the privacy of individuals and their families unless it affects public interest in the following ways: †¢ Information on the private life of an individual or his family should only be published if it impinges on public interest, †¢ Publishing of such information about an individual as mentioned above should be deemed justifiable only if it is directed at: 1. Exposing crime or serious misdemeanour; 2. Exposing anti – social conduct; 3. Protecting public health, morality and safety; 4. Preventing the public from being misled by some statement or action of the individual concerned. SUMMING UP The Right of Privacy is a good measure to check media practitioners on inappropriate media content so a news medium while carrying out its function must at all time be concerned with the welfare of its consumer. A media practitioner must ensure the accuracy of his or her information and must be ready to make corrections and clarifications when necessary after publishing or broadcasting untrue information. A media practitioner must at all time uphold the dignity of his or her profession comply with his or her professional codes and respect the human rights. A media expert must also recognise that gathering and reporting information may sometimes cause discomfort, so must seek ways to minimise the hurt. (Kayode, 2009). REFERENCES Allis. (2009). Invasion of Privacy—Appropriation. Retrieved September 19, 2009, from Lexis-Nexis database. Bussian & Levine. (2004). Invasion of Privacy: The Right â€Å"to be left alone† Retieved September 18, 2009, from Lexis-Nexis database. Cornwell, C. N. (2008). Freedom of the Press: Rights and liberties under the law. Retrieved September 18, 2009, from http://www. abc. clio. com Expectation of privacy (2002). Retrieved September 18, 2009, From http://www. wikipedia. com Folarin , B. (2005). Theories of Mass Communication: An Introductory Text. Abeokuta: Bakinfol Publication Invasion of Privacy (2003). Retrieved September 18, 2009, From http://www. winningnewsmedia. com/privacy Kayode, J. (2009). Ethics and professional practise [Record] . Lagos. Malemi, E. (2002). Mass Media Law: Cases and materials Lagos: Grace Publishing Incorporation Momoh, T . (2004). Nigerian Media Laws & Ethics Lagos : Efua Media Associates. Pember & Calvert. (2006). Mass Media Law Boston: McGraw Hill. Phtographers’ giude to Privacy (2003), Retrieved September 18, 2009, From http://www. rcfp. org Wulfemeyer, K. T. (2003). Radio & TV Newswriting: A workbook Retrieved September 19, 2009, from Lexis-Nexis database.